2020年2月20日 星期四
被動語態
基本概念：
語態表達出主詞和受詞的關係，主要分成主動語態和被動語態。
主動語態表示「主詞是執行動作者」；被動語態表示「主詞是接受動作者」。
主動語態改為被動語態時，要將原來的受詞改為新的主詞，形成：
be動詞+過去分詞【V-en】 (by+動作執行者)
Ex:
主動語態: Farmers
plant rice in Taiwan
A(主詞) V B(受詞)
被動語態: Rice is planted by farmers in
B(新主詞) be V-en by+A
用法：
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說明
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範例
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要強調動作的接受者
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※ The garden planted the flowers.
= The flowers were planted by the gardener.
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動作執行者不明確或不必提出時，可以省略「by+執行者」
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※ Someone broke the window.
=The window was broken.
※
Some workers repaired the
road.
=The road was repaired (by some workers).
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做客觀說明時
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※ It was
reported that thirty people were killed in the terrorist attack.
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※ 動詞片語如put off,
look after等，在被動語態中，需視為一體，不可省略介係詞。
Ex: The deadline
of this paper was put off.
The children are looked after by their
grandmother.
一、簡單式的被動語態：
表「動作被執行」，由be動詞+過去分詞(V-en)構成。
A: 現在式：句型:
am/is/are + 過去分詞(V-en)
Ex: Judy
collects coffee mugs.
=Coffee mugs are collected by Judy.
Mrs. Wang cleans the house every day.
=The house is cleaned (by Mrs. Wang) every
day.
B:
過去式：句型:
was/were + 過去分詞(V-en)
Ex:
They painted the room blue.
= The room was painted blue (by them).
Sarah ate the cake.
= The cake was eaten (by Sarah).
C:
未來式: 句型: will + be +過去分詞(V-en)
Ex:
The government will build a museum in this city.
= A museum will be built in this city (by the
government).
= A letter will be written to John (by Bell
二、進行式的被動語態：
表示「動作正在執行」，由be動詞 + being + 過去分詞(V-en)。
※注意：be動詞必須隨主詞變化。
A:
現在進行式的被動語態:
am/are/is + being +過去分詞(V-en)
Ex:
The television station is broadcasting the animated cartoon.
= The animated cartoon is being broadcast (by
the television station).
The committee members are discussing the
issue in the meeting.
= The issue is being discussed (by the committee members) in the
meeting.
B:
過去進行式的被動語態:
was/were + being +過去分詞(V-en)
Ex:
The doctors were treating the patients in the hospital.
= The patient were being treated (by the
doctors) in the hospital.
Jason was washing the car.
= The car was being washed (by Jason).
三、完成式的被動語態：
表示「已經被完成的動作」，由have + been + 過去分詞(V-en)。
A: 現在完成式的被動語態: have + been + 過去分詞(V-en)。
Ex: These students have polished all the windows.
= All the windows have been polished (by these students).
The ambulance has sent the injured man to the hospital.
= The injured man has been sent to the hospital.
B: 過去完成式的被動語態: had + been + 過去分詞(V-en)。
Ex: The girl had
made some cookies.
= Some cookies had been made.
The security had taken the drunken man to
the police station.
= The drunken man had been taken to the
police station (by the security).
C: 未來完成式的被動語態:
will + have + been + 過去分詞(V-en)。
Ex: People will
have visited this popular website for five million times by tomorrow.
= The popular website will have been visited
for five million times by tomorrow.
The artist will have painted twenty
paintings by June.
= Twenty paintings will have been painted by
the artist by June.
原級、比較級、最高級的形成及用法
原級、比較級、最高級的形成及用法(Part Ⅰ)
一、形容詞分為__________級、__________級、__________三級，形容詞本身就是__________級。
二、
比較級的形成
1. 直接在字尾加上er
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原級
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比較級
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1.slow
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比較慢
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2.fast
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比較快
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3.tall
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比較高
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2. 字尾是不發音的e時，直接加r
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原級
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比較級
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1.cute
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比較可愛
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2.nice
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比較好
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3.late
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比較遲
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3. 兩音節以上形容詞，字尾是「子音+y」，-y+ier
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原級
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比較級
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1.happy
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比較快樂
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2.pretty
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比較美麗
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3.early
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比較早
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4. 字尾是短母音加一個子音時，需重複字尾子音，再加er
(口訣：大(big)熱(hot)紅(red)壽(thin)司(wet)傷心的(sad)大胖子(fat))
(口訣：大(big)熱(hot)紅(red)壽(thin)司(wet)傷心的(sad)大胖子(fat))
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原級
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比較級
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1.big
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比較大
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2.hot
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比較熱
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3.red
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比較紅
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4.sad
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比較傷心
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5.wet
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比較溼
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6.thin
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比較瘦
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7.fat
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比較胖
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5. 二、三音節以上的形容詞，在前面加more(更、比較)
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原級
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比較級
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1.beautiful
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比較漂亮
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2.famous
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比較有名
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3.comfortable
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比較舒適
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4.convenient
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比較方便
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三、
不規則(務必熟記)
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1. good
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better
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the best
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4.far
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further
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the furthest
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2.bad
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worse
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the worst
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5.much
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more
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the most
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3.little
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less
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the least
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四、
重要事項
1.
同類相比
My eyes are bigger than you.(我的眼睛比你(整個人)大) (x)
My eyes are bigger than your eyes. (o)
My eyes are bigger than you.(我的眼睛比你(整個人)大) (x)
My eyes are bigger than your eyes. (o)
2.
跟自己所屬的其他成員相比時，必須加上other(其他的)以把自己本身排除掉。
I’m taller than any other classmate in my class.
I’m taller than any other classmate in my class.
3.
比較級之前常加上程度副詞以加強語氣：much(=a lot)多了，even(=far)甚至，a little一點點
He is ____________(=____________) scarier than a ghost.
他比鬼還要可怕得多了。
She is ____________(=____________) cuter than a doll.
她甚至比洋娃娃還可愛。
He is ____________(=____________) scarier than a ghost.
他比鬼還要可怕得多了。
She is ____________(=____________) cuter than a doll.
她甚至比洋娃娃還可愛。
4. 比較級形容詞之前常加上被比較的年紀、長度、金錢…等差額
I ________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ you. 我比你大四歲。
The road_____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ I thought.
路比我想得長十英哩 。
I ________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ you. 我比你大四歲。
The road_____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ I thought.
路比我想得長
5. 比較級與片語of the two(兩人之中)連用時，其前必須加the。
He is _____________ _____________ of the two boys. (兩個男生之中，他比較高。)
He is _____________ _____________ of the two boys. (兩個男生之中，他比較高。)
6. 否定：less+原級形容詞 (比某人／事／物不……)
Linda is _____________ _____________ _____________ you. (Linda比你不漂亮。)
The baseball is _____________ _____________ _____________ the basketball.(棒球比籃球不貴)
Linda is _____________ _____________ _____________ you. (Linda比你不漂亮。)
The baseball is _____________ _____________ _____________ the basketball.(棒球比籃球不貴)
練習：
1. long __________ 2.close __________ 3.big __________ 4. easy __________
5.difficult __________ __________ 6.hot __________
7.Jane is (tall, taller, more tall, more taller)than Helen.
1. long __________ 2.close __________ 3.big __________ 4. easy __________
5.difficult __________ __________ 6.hot __________
7.Jane is (tall, taller, more tall, more taller)than Helen.
8.Pete is (good,
best, better, more good) than his brother.
9. Lions are (big, biger, bigger, more big) than monkeys.
10.Sue is (beautiful, beautifuler, more beautiful, most beautiful) than Kate.
11.My hair is shorter than (her, she, Jane, Jane’s)
9. Lions are (big, biger, bigger, more big) than monkeys.
10.Sue is (beautiful, beautifuler, more beautiful, most beautiful) than Kate.
11.My hair is shorter than (her, she, Jane, Jane’s)
翻譯
1.
你比你哥哥瘦。
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2.
他的車比我的車大。
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3.
那人比他太太和善。
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4.
我們比那些小孩勇敢。(brave)
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5.
那男孩比他同學懶惰。
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
6.
那女孩比那些男孩傷心。
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7.
我的便當比你的大。
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
8.
他比他的朋友們都小心。
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
9.
熱狗比蛋糕不可口。
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
10.
唱歌比聽音樂不有趣。
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
11.
他的老師們比他還年輕。
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
12.
電影明星比籃球選手更受歡迎。
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
13.
Mr. Brown比Mr. Lin更悲傷。_____________________________________________________________________________________
原級、比較級、最高級的形成及用法(Part Ⅱ)
一、
最高級形容詞的形成
1. 在原級字尾加上est
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原級
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比較級
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最高級
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1.slow
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比較慢
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最慢
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2.fast
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比較快
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最快
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3.tall
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比較高
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最高
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2. 字尾是不發音的e時，直接加st
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原級
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比較級
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最高級
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1.cute
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比較可愛
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最可愛
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2.nice
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比較好
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最好
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3.late
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比較遲
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最遲，最新
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3. 兩音節以上形容詞，字尾是「子音+y」，-y+iest
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原級
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比較級
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最高級
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1.happy
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比較快樂
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最快樂
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2.pretty
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比較美麗
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最美麗
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3.early
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比較早
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最早
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4. 字尾是短母音加一個子音時，需重複字尾子音，再加est
(口訣：大(big)熱(hot)紅(red)壽(thin)司(wet)傷心的(sad)大胖子(fat))
(口訣：大(big)熱(hot)紅(red)壽(thin)司(wet)傷心的(sad)大胖子(fat))
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原級
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比較級
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最高級
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1.big
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比較大
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最大
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2.hot
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比較熱
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最熱
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3.red
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比較紅
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最紅
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4.sad
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比較傷心
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最傷心
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5.wet
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比較溼
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最溼
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6.thin
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比較瘦
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最瘦
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7.fat
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比較胖
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最胖
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5. 二、三音節以上的形容詞，在前面加most(最)，字尾-ing，-ed的分詞亦適用
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原級
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比較級
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最高級
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1.beautiful
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比較漂亮
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最漂亮
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2.famous
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比較有名
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最有名
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3.comfortable
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比較舒適
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最舒適
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4.convenient
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比較方便
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最方便
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二、
不規則(務必熟記)
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1. good
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4.far
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2.bad
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5.much
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3.little
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三、原級、比較級、最高級的規則總結
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單音節或少數二音節的形容詞
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單音節
其字尾是短母音+子音 |
單音節其字尾是不發音的e結尾
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字尾是「子音+y」
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超過兩個音節的形容詞
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比較級
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+er
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重覆字尾+er
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+r
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-y+ier
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more ~
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最高級
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the+單字+est
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the+單字(重覆字尾)+est
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the+單字+st
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-y+iest
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the most~
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四、注意事項
1.
最高級形容詞前面要跟定冠詞
the或所有格連用
2.
句中有than，或二個人做比較時用比較級；三個人以上用最高級。
She is _____________ than you andI.
她比你和我更老。
She is _______________________________________ in my class. 在我班上她是最有名的。
Who/Which is __________________________, Tony or Jack? 誰比較帥，Tony還是Jack?
Who/Which is __________________________, Tony, Peter, or Jack? 誰比較帥，Tony，Peter還是Jack?
◎A + be V + the 比較級 + of the two (兩者之中，A是較…)
◎A + be V + the 最高級 + of the three (三者之中，A是較…)
Alice is _____________ _____________ _____________ of the two. (Alice是二個之中較美的。)
Alice
She is _____________ than you and
She is _______________________________________ in my class. 在我班上她是最有名的。
Who/Which is __________________________, Tony or Jack? 誰比較帥，Tony還是Jack?
Who/Which is __________________________, Tony, Peter, or Jack? 誰比較帥，Tony，Peter還是Jack?
◎A + be V + the 比較級 + of the two (兩者之中，A是較…)
◎A + be V + the 最高級 + of the three (三者之中，A是較…)
Alice is _____________ _____________ _____________ of the two. (Alice是二個之中較美的。)
五、最高級與比較級的互換
A +be V+比較級 +than any other +名詞 = A + be V+比較級 +than anyone/everyone else
=A+ be V+最高級
She is _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________in my class.
=She is _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________in my class.
她比我班上其他的每一個人年輕。=她是班上最年輕的。
=She is _____________ _____________ in my class.
翻譯
=A+ be V+最高級
She is _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________in my class.
=She is _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________in my class.
她比我班上其他的每一個人年輕。=她是班上最年輕的。
=She is _____________ _____________ in my class.
翻譯
1.
He is _____________ _____________
_____________ _____________ _____________ people.
= He is _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________.
他比其他每個人受歡迎。=____________________________________________
=He is _____________ _____________ _____________.
= He is _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________.
他比其他每個人受歡迎。=____________________________________________
=He is _____________ _____________ _____________.
2.
I am
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